Uaprofiles for the SAMSUNG mobile models and more ............
http://wap.samsungmobile.com/uaprof/SUWON.xml
Tuesday, April 15, 2008
SS7 Protocol Stack
The hardware and software functions of the SS7 protocol are divided into functional abstractions called "levels". These levels map loosely to the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) 7-layer model defined by the International Standards Organization (ISO).Message Transfer Part
The Message Transfer Part (MTP) is divided into three levels. The lowest level, MTP Level 1, is equivalent to the OSI Physical Layer. MTP Level 1 defines the physical, electrical, and functional characteristics of the digital signaling link. Physical interfaces defined include E-1 (2048 kb/s; 32 64 kb/s channels), DS-1 (1544 kb/s; 24 64kb/s channels), V.35 (64 kb/s), DS-0 (64 kb/s), and DS-0A (56 kb/s).
MTP Level 2 ensures accurate end-to-end transmission of a message across a signaling link. Level 2 implements flow control, message sequence validation, and error checking. When an error occurs on a signaling link, the message (or set of messages) is retransmitted. MTP Level 2 is equivalent to the OSI Data Link Layer.
MTP Level 3 provides message routing between signaling points in the SS7 network. MTP Level 3 re-routes traffic away from failed links and signaling points and controls traffic when congestion occurs. MTP Level 3 is equivalent to the OSI Network Layer.
The Message Transfer Part (MTP) is divided into three levels. The lowest level, MTP Level 1, is equivalent to the OSI Physical Layer. MTP Level 1 defines the physical, electrical, and functional characteristics of the digital signaling link. Physical interfaces defined include E-1 (2048 kb/s; 32 64 kb/s channels), DS-1 (1544 kb/s; 24 64kb/s channels), V.35 (64 kb/s), DS-0 (64 kb/s), and DS-0A (56 kb/s).
MTP Level 2 ensures accurate end-to-end transmission of a message across a signaling link. Level 2 implements flow control, message sequence validation, and error checking. When an error occurs on a signaling link, the message (or set of messages) is retransmitted. MTP Level 2 is equivalent to the OSI Data Link Layer.
MTP Level 3 provides message routing between signaling points in the SS7 network. MTP Level 3 re-routes traffic away from failed links and signaling points and controls traffic when congestion occurs. MTP Level 3 is equivalent to the OSI Network Layer.
ISDN User Part (ISUP)
The ISDN User Part (ISUP) defines the protocol used to set-up, manage, and release trunk circuits that carry voice and data between terminating line exchanges (e.g., between a calling party and a called party). ISUP is used for both ISDN and non-ISDN calls. However, calls that originate and terminate at the same switch do not use ISUP signaling.
The ISDN User Part (ISUP) defines the protocol used to set-up, manage, and release trunk circuits that carry voice and data between terminating line exchanges (e.g., between a calling party and a called party). ISUP is used for both ISDN and non-ISDN calls. However, calls that originate and terminate at the same switch do not use ISUP signaling.
Telephone User Part (TUP)
In some parts of the world (e.g., China, Brazil), the Telephone User Part (TUP) is used to support basic call setup and tear-down. TUP handles analog circuits only. In many countries, ISUP has replaced TUP for call management.
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
SCCP provides connectionless and connection-oriented network services and global title translation (GTT) capabilities above MTP Level 3. A global title is an address (e.g., a dialed 800 number, calling card number, or mobile subscriber identification number) which is translated by SCCP into a destination point code and subsystem number. A subsystem number uniquely identifies an application at the destination signaling point. SCCP is used as the transport layer for TCAP-based services.
Transaction Capabilities Applications Part (TCAP)
TCAP supports the exchange of non-circuit related data between applications across the SS7 network using the SCCP connectionless service. Queries and responses sent between SSPs and SCPs are carried in TCAP messages. For example, an SSP sends a TCAP query to determine the routing number associated with a dialed 800/888 number and to check the personal identification number (PIN) of a calling card user. In mobile networks (IS-41 and GSM), TCAP carries Mobile Application Part (MAP) messages sent between mobile switches and databases to support user authentication, equipment identification, and roaming.
In some parts of the world (e.g., China, Brazil), the Telephone User Part (TUP) is used to support basic call setup and tear-down. TUP handles analog circuits only. In many countries, ISUP has replaced TUP for call management.
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
SCCP provides connectionless and connection-oriented network services and global title translation (GTT) capabilities above MTP Level 3. A global title is an address (e.g., a dialed 800 number, calling card number, or mobile subscriber identification number) which is translated by SCCP into a destination point code and subsystem number. A subsystem number uniquely identifies an application at the destination signaling point. SCCP is used as the transport layer for TCAP-based services.
Transaction Capabilities Applications Part (TCAP)
TCAP supports the exchange of non-circuit related data between applications across the SS7 network using the SCCP connectionless service. Queries and responses sent between SSPs and SCPs are carried in TCAP messages. For example, an SSP sends a TCAP query to determine the routing number associated with a dialed 800/888 number and to check the personal identification number (PIN) of a calling card user. In mobile networks (IS-41 and GSM), TCAP carries Mobile Application Part (MAP) messages sent between mobile switches and databases to support user authentication, equipment identification, and roaming.
Monday, April 14, 2008
Thursday, April 10, 2008
About RADIUS Protocol
Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) is an AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting) protocol for controlling access to network resources. RADIUS is commonly used by ISPs and corporations managing access to the internet or internal networks across an array of access technologies, including modems, DSL, wireless and VPNs.
AAA
RADIUS servers use the AAA concept to manage network access in the following three-step process, also known as an "AAA transaction".
Authentication
The user or machine sends a Network Access Server (NAS) a request for access to a particular network resource. This information is passed to the NAS device via the link-layer protocol - for example, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) in the case of many dialup or DSL providers.
In turn, the NAS sends a RADIUS Access Request message to the RADIUS server, requesting authorization to grant access via the RADIUS protocol.
This request includes a form of identification and a proof of identification, typically in the form of username and password or security certificate provided by the user. Additionally, the request contains information which the NAS knows about the user, such as its network address or phone number, and information regarding the user's physical point of attachment to the NAS.
Authorization
The RADIUS server checks that the information is correct using authentication schemes like PAP, CHAP or EAP. The user's proof of identification is verified, along with, optionally, other information related to the request, such as the user's network address or phone number, account status and specific network service access privileges. Historically, RADIUS servers checked the user's information against a locally stored flat file database. Modern RADIUS servers can do this, or can refer to external sources - commonly SQL, Kerberos, LDAP, or Active Directory servers - to verify the user's credentials.
The RADIUS server then returns one of three responses to the NAS; a "Nay" (Access Reject), "Challenge" (Access Challenge) or "Yea" (Access Accept).
Access Reject - The user is unconditionally denied access to all requested network resources. Reasons may include failure to provide proof of identification or an unknown or inactive user account.
Access Challenge - Requests additional information from the user such as a secondary password, PIN, token or card.
Access Accept - The user is granted access. Once the user is authenticated, the RADIUS server will often check that the user is authorized to use the network service requested. A given user may be allowed to use a company's wireless network, but not its VPN service, for example. Again, this information may be stored locally on the RADIUS server, or may be looked up in an external source like LDAP or Active Directory.
Authorization attributes are conveyed to the NAS stipulating terms of access to be granted.
Finally, if the user is both successfully authenticated and authorized, RADIUS can supply the NAS with additional parameters, such as
The specific IP address to be assigned to the user
The address pool from which the user's IP should be chosen
The maximum length that the user may remain connected
An access list, priority queue or other restrictions on a user's access
L2TP parameters
VLAN parameters
Quality of Service (QoS) parameters
Accounting
RADIUS is also commonly used for accounting purposes.
When network access is granted to the user by the NAS, an Accounting Start request is sent by the NAS to the RADIUS server to signal the start of the user's network access. "Start" records typically contain the user's identification, network address, point of attachment and a unique session identifier.
Periodically, Interim Accounting records may be sent by the NAS to the RADIUS server, to update it on the status of an active session. "Interim" records typically convey the current session duration and information on current data usage.
Finally, when the user's network access is closed, the NAS issues a final Accounting Stop record to the RADIUS server, providing information on the final usage in terms of time, packets transferred, data transferred, reason for disconnect and other information related to the user's network access.
The primary purpose of this data is that the user can be billed accordingly; the data is also commonly used for statistical purposes and for general network monitoring
AAA
RADIUS servers use the AAA concept to manage network access in the following three-step process, also known as an "AAA transaction".
Authentication
The user or machine sends a Network Access Server (NAS) a request for access to a particular network resource. This information is passed to the NAS device via the link-layer protocol - for example, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) in the case of many dialup or DSL providers.
In turn, the NAS sends a RADIUS Access Request message to the RADIUS server, requesting authorization to grant access via the RADIUS protocol.
This request includes a form of identification and a proof of identification, typically in the form of username and password or security certificate provided by the user. Additionally, the request contains information which the NAS knows about the user, such as its network address or phone number, and information regarding the user's physical point of attachment to the NAS.
Authorization
The RADIUS server checks that the information is correct using authentication schemes like PAP, CHAP or EAP. The user's proof of identification is verified, along with, optionally, other information related to the request, such as the user's network address or phone number, account status and specific network service access privileges. Historically, RADIUS servers checked the user's information against a locally stored flat file database. Modern RADIUS servers can do this, or can refer to external sources - commonly SQL, Kerberos, LDAP, or Active Directory servers - to verify the user's credentials.
The RADIUS server then returns one of three responses to the NAS; a "Nay" (Access Reject), "Challenge" (Access Challenge) or "Yea" (Access Accept).
Access Reject - The user is unconditionally denied access to all requested network resources. Reasons may include failure to provide proof of identification or an unknown or inactive user account.
Access Challenge - Requests additional information from the user such as a secondary password, PIN, token or card.
Access Accept - The user is granted access. Once the user is authenticated, the RADIUS server will often check that the user is authorized to use the network service requested. A given user may be allowed to use a company's wireless network, but not its VPN service, for example. Again, this information may be stored locally on the RADIUS server, or may be looked up in an external source like LDAP or Active Directory.
Authorization attributes are conveyed to the NAS stipulating terms of access to be granted.
Finally, if the user is both successfully authenticated and authorized, RADIUS can supply the NAS with additional parameters, such as
The specific IP address to be assigned to the user
The address pool from which the user's IP should be chosen
The maximum length that the user may remain connected
An access list, priority queue or other restrictions on a user's access
L2TP parameters
VLAN parameters
Quality of Service (QoS) parameters
Accounting
RADIUS is also commonly used for accounting purposes.
When network access is granted to the user by the NAS, an Accounting Start request is sent by the NAS to the RADIUS server to signal the start of the user's network access. "Start" records typically contain the user's identification, network address, point of attachment and a unique session identifier.
Periodically, Interim Accounting records may be sent by the NAS to the RADIUS server, to update it on the status of an active session. "Interim" records typically convey the current session duration and information on current data usage.
Finally, when the user's network access is closed, the NAS issues a final Accounting Stop record to the RADIUS server, providing information on the final usage in terms of time, packets transferred, data transferred, reason for disconnect and other information related to the user's network access.
The primary purpose of this data is that the user can be billed accordingly; the data is also commonly used for statistical purposes and for general network monitoring
3G Mobile phones
The most powerful handset to date from Sony Ericsson's Walkman range, the W890i packs HSDPA internet capabilities, a 3.2-megapixel camera and more.
Blackberry Pearl 8110 Review by 3G.co.uk
If you need 3G or a large display, look elsewhere, but this is probably the smallest mobile email device with a usable keyboard we’ve come across.
The Motorola U9 could easily have been just another clamshell phone with a snazzy finish but, thanks to the OLED and the choice of colours, it’s destined to stand out from the crowd.
3G Features
The most significant feature of 3G mobile technology is that it supports greater numbers of voice and data customers — especially in urban areas — and higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G.
By using the radio spectrum in bands identified, which is provided by the UTI for Third Generation IMT-2000 mobile services, it subsequently licensed to operators.
It also allows the transmission of 384 kbit/s for mobile systems and 2 Mb/s for stationary systems. 3G users are expected to have greater capacity and better spectrum efficiency, which allows them to access global roaming between different 3G networks
By using the radio spectrum in bands identified, which is provided by the UTI for Third Generation IMT-2000 mobile services, it subsequently licensed to operators.
It also allows the transmission of 384 kbit/s for mobile systems and 2 Mb/s for stationary systems. 3G users are expected to have greater capacity and better spectrum efficiency, which allows them to access global roaming between different 3G networks
Tuesday, April 8, 2008
Ethereal: A Network Protocol Analyzer
Ethereal® is used by network professionals around the world for troubleshooting, analysis, software and protocol development, and education. It has all of the standard features you would expect in a protocol analyzer, and several features not seen in any other product. Its open source license allows talented experts in the networking community to add enhancements. It runs on all popular computing platforms, including Unix, Linux, and Windows.
Ethereal share a powerful filter engine that helps remove the noise from a packet trace and lets you see only the packets that interest you. If a packet meets the requirements expressed in your filter, then it is displayed in the list of packets. Display filters let you compare the fields within a protocol against a specific value, compare fields against fields, and check the existence of specified fields or protocols.
Filters are also used by other features such as statistics generation and packet list colorization (the latter is only available to Ethereal). This manual page describes their syntax and provides a comprehensive reference of filter fields.
Download for various operating systems here ...
http://www.ethereal.com/download.html
Ethereal share a powerful filter engine that helps remove the noise from a packet trace and lets you see only the packets that interest you. If a packet meets the requirements expressed in your filter, then it is displayed in the list of packets. Display filters let you compare the fields within a protocol against a specific value, compare fields against fields, and check the existence of specified fields or protocols.
Filters are also used by other features such as statistics generation and packet list colorization (the latter is only available to Ethereal). This manual page describes their syntax and provides a comprehensive reference of filter fields.
Download for various operating systems here ...
http://www.ethereal.com/download.html
Classes of GPRS
The class indicates the mobile phone capabilities.
Class AClass A mobile phones can be connected to both GPRS and GSM services simultaneously. Class BClass B mobile phones can be attached to both GPRS and GSM services, using one service at a time. Class B enables making or receiving a voice call, or sending/receiving an SMS during a GPRS connection. During voice calls or SMS, GPRS services are suspended and then resumed automatically after the call or SMS session has ended. Class CClass C mobile phones are attached to either GPRS or GSM voice service. You need to switch manually between services.
Class AClass A mobile phones can be connected to both GPRS and GSM services simultaneously. Class BClass B mobile phones can be attached to both GPRS and GSM services, using one service at a time. Class B enables making or receiving a voice call, or sending/receiving an SMS during a GPRS connection. During voice calls or SMS, GPRS services are suspended and then resumed automatically after the call or SMS session has ended. Class CClass C mobile phones are attached to either GPRS or GSM voice service. You need to switch manually between services.
Friday, April 4, 2008
GSM Network Stucture
The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large and complicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It is divided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separate articles.
the Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers).
the Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network.
the GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections).
all of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM services such as voice calls and SMS.
the Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers).
the Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network.
the GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections).
all of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM services such as voice calls and SMS.
About Wi-Fi
A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC, game console, cell phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points.
Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, is freedom. Freedom from wires, It allows you to connect to the Internet from just about anywhere - a coffee shop, a bed in a hotel room or a conference room at work without wires. And the best thing of all, it's super fast - almost 10 times faster than a regular dial-up connection.
Tata Indicom Wi-Fi – Experience the Best Apart from having the largest number of Wi-Fi hotspots in the country, Tata Indicom Wi-Fi also has the distinction of being the only member of the Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA)- encompassing leaders in the telecommunications industry
Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, is freedom. Freedom from wires, It allows you to connect to the Internet from just about anywhere - a coffee shop, a bed in a hotel room or a conference room at work without wires. And the best thing of all, it's super fast - almost 10 times faster than a regular dial-up connection.
Tata Indicom Wi-Fi – Experience the Best Apart from having the largest number of Wi-Fi hotspots in the country, Tata Indicom Wi-Fi also has the distinction of being the only member of the Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA)- encompassing leaders in the telecommunications industry
ABOUT GPRS
GPRS (general packet radio service) is used as a data services upgrade to any GSM network. It allows GSM networks to be truly compatible with the Internet. GPRS uses a packet-mode technique to transfer bursty traffic in an efficient manner. It allows transmission bit rates from 9.6 Kbps to more than 150 Kbps per user.The two key benefits of GPRS are a better use of radio and network resources and completely transparent IP support. GPRS optimizes the use of network and radio resources. It uses radio resources only when there is data to be sent or received. As a true packet technology it allows end user applications to only occupy the network when a payload is being transferred, and so is well adapted to the very bursty nature of data applications. Another important feature of GPRS is that it provides immediate connectivity and high throughput.
Applications based on standard data protocols such as IP and X.25 are supported. In GPRS four different quality of service levels are supported. To support data applications GPRS utilizes several new network nodes in addition to the network nodes in the GSM PLMN. These nodes are responsible for traffic routing and other interworking functions with external packet-switched data networks, subscriber location, cell selection, roaming and many other functions that any cellular network needs for operation.
WAP WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
WAP, Wireless Application Protocol aims to provide Internet content and advanced telephony services to digital mobile phones, pagers and other wireless terminals. The protocol family works across different wireless network environments and makes web pages visible on low-resolution and low-bandwidth devices. WAP phones are "smart phones" allowing their users to respond to e-mail, access computer databases and to empower the phone to interact with Internet-based content and e-mail.
WAP specifies a Wireless application Environment and Wireless Protocols. The Wireless application environment (WAE) is based on WSP (Wireless Session Protocol) and WTP (Wireless Transaction Protocol).
The OSI Model for Wireless Communication
The basic construction of WAP architecture can be explained using the following model. The order of the independent levels – which are a hierarchy - has the advantage that the system is very flexible and can be scaled up or down. Because of the different levels – or stacks - this is called the "WAP Stack", which is divided into 5 different levels.WAP specifies a Wireless application Environment and Wireless Protocols. The Wireless application environment (WAE) is based on WSP (Wireless Session Protocol) and WTP (Wireless Transaction Protocol).
The OSI Model for Wireless Communication
Application Layer: Wireless Application Environment (WAE).
Session Layer: Wireless Session Protocol (WSP).
Transaction Layer: Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP).
Security Layer: Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS).
Transport Layer: Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP).
http://www.protocols.com/pbook/wap.htm
The WAP 2.0 conformance release
All specifications belonging to the WAP 2.0 release are listed below per functional area.
This page lists the latest WAP Forum conformance release, along with the specifications which are in an Approved state, but not yet included in a release. In addition, the page provides links to additional information on the specifications. The proposed and prototype specifications that were available here in the past have now been moved to a separate documents under review page. For more information about older releases, see below. Anyone can submit comments on WAP Forum specifications, see below for more information.
http://www.wapforum.org/what/technical.htm
This page lists the latest WAP Forum conformance release, along with the specifications which are in an Approved state, but not yet included in a release. In addition, the page provides links to additional information on the specifications. The proposed and prototype specifications that were available here in the past have now been moved to a separate documents under review page. For more information about older releases, see below. Anyone can submit comments on WAP Forum specifications, see below for more information.
http://www.wapforum.org/what/technical.htm
WAP Push Quick Start (Tutorial)
Download the Openwave WAP Push Library DOWNLOAD the Openwave WAP Push Library (free of charge).
Install the WAP Push Library on Your PC Install the WAP Push Library by executing the download file: Openwave_WAP_Push_Java_1.0.jar
Create a Subscriber on the Openwave Developer Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) To receive pushed content, you need to create a subscriber account. Test subscribers provisioned on the Openwave Developer MAG receive pushed content via the same version of Openwave Push Proxy Gateway (PPG) deployed by network operators. Visit the Mobile Access Gateway Provisioning section of the Openwave Developer web site for instructions on how to sign-up for a developer provisioning account. When you sign-up, a test subscriber is automatically created for you. After you sign up, view your WAP subscriber and copy the Client ID (IP Address) and Subscriber ID values for future reference. You need the client ID to configure your phone simulator device settings (see step 5, below). You need the subscriber ID to specify the recipient of your pushed content (see step 8, on the next page of this guide).
To Download the WAP tutorial go here..
http://developer.openwave.com/dvl/support/documentation/guides_and_references/wap_push_quick_start/
Install the WAP Push Library on Your PC Install the WAP Push Library by executing the download file: Openwave_WAP_Push_Java_1.0.jar
Create a Subscriber on the Openwave Developer Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) To receive pushed content, you need to create a subscriber account. Test subscribers provisioned on the Openwave Developer MAG receive pushed content via the same version of Openwave Push Proxy Gateway (PPG) deployed by network operators. Visit the Mobile Access Gateway Provisioning section of the Openwave Developer web site for instructions on how to sign-up for a developer provisioning account. When you sign-up, a test subscriber is automatically created for you. After you sign up, view your WAP subscriber and copy the Client ID (IP Address) and Subscriber ID values for future reference. You need the client ID to configure your phone simulator device settings (see step 5, below). You need the subscriber ID to specify the recipient of your pushed content (see step 8, on the next page of this guide).
To Download the WAP tutorial go here..
http://developer.openwave.com/dvl/support/documentation/guides_and_references/wap_push_quick_start/
WAP Specifications
Short for the Wireless Application Protocol, a secure specification that allows users to access information instantly via handheld wireless devices such as mobile phones, pagers, two-way radios, smartphones and communicators.
WAP supports most wireless networks. These include CDPD, CDMA, GSM, PDC, PHS, TDMA, FLEX, ReFLEX, iDEN, TETRA, DECT, DataTAC, and Mobitex.
WAP is supported by all operating systems. Ones specifically engineered for handheld devices include PalmOS, EPOC, Windows CE, FLEXOS, OS/9, and JavaOS.
WAPs that use displays and access the Internet run what are called microbrowsers--browsers with small file sizes that can accommodate the low memory constraints of handheld devices and the low-bandwidth constraints of a wireless-handheld network.
Although WAP supports HTML and XML, the WML language (an XML application) is specifically devised for small screens and one-hand navigation without a keyboard. WML is scalable from two-line text displays up through graphic screens found on items such as smart phones and communicators. WAP also supports WMLScript. It is similar to JavaScript, but makes minimal demands on memory and CPU power because it does not contain many of the unnecessary functions found in other scripting languages
For all the WAP specifcations click below..
http://www.openmobilealliance.org/tech/affiliates/wap/wapindex.html
WAP supports most wireless networks. These include CDPD, CDMA, GSM, PDC, PHS, TDMA, FLEX, ReFLEX, iDEN, TETRA, DECT, DataTAC, and Mobitex.
WAP is supported by all operating systems. Ones specifically engineered for handheld devices include PalmOS, EPOC, Windows CE, FLEXOS, OS/9, and JavaOS.
WAPs that use displays and access the Internet run what are called microbrowsers--browsers with small file sizes that can accommodate the low memory constraints of handheld devices and the low-bandwidth constraints of a wireless-handheld network.
Although WAP supports HTML and XML, the WML language (an XML application) is specifically devised for small screens and one-hand navigation without a keyboard. WML is scalable from two-line text displays up through graphic screens found on items such as smart phones and communicators. WAP also supports WMLScript. It is similar to JavaScript, but makes minimal demands on memory and CPU power because it does not contain many of the unnecessary functions found in other scripting languages
For all the WAP specifcations click below..
http://www.openmobilealliance.org/tech/affiliates/wap/wapindex.html
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